Types of shock — recognition
Hypovolemic: blood or fluid loss. Cold clammy skin, tachycardia, narrowing pulse pressure. Cardiogenic: pump failure. Crackles, jugular distension, pulmonary edema. Distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic): vasodilation. Warm skin early in sepsis; bradycardia in neurogenic shock. Obstructive: pulmonary embolism, tamponade, tension pneumothorax. Compensated shock: agitation, cool extremities, capillary refill over 3 seconds, falling urine output, with a blood pressure still within normal limits. Hypotension is a late sign.